programming by difference

1) Авиация: depressurisation, power distribution panel, differential protection

2) Американизм: Development Permit, Displaced Persons

3) Спорт: Dodge Points, Double Points, Dragon Punch

4) Военный термин: Damage Points, Defensive Points, Delegated Production, Deputy for Personnel, Development Program, Director of Personnel, Director of Programs, Directorate of Production, Drawing Package, Duplicate Positive, data packet, debussing point, deep penetration, defense procurement, definition phase, delayed procurement, delivery point, departure point, depot maintenance, description pattern, detained pay, detection probability, detention of pay, detrucking point, development phase, development plan, development proposal, development prototype, directing point, disabled person, dispatch point, dispersal point, displaced person, display package, display panel, disposal procedure, distributing point, double-purpose gun, drill pay, drill practice, drill purpose, driving power, drop point, dry powder, duty position, Ди-Пи (дифосген), дифосген (ОВ удушающего действия), diphosgene

5) Техника: data plotting, data printer, data processing technician, diagnostic procedure, diastatic power, digit presentation, diode plate, dipole, display processor, double-pole switch, drain pump, drive pipe, dual-processor, dynamic power

6) Сельское хозяйство: digestible protein

7) Шутливое выражение: Darren's Page, Drunken Panda

8) Химия: Dry Process

9) Математика: двойная точность (double precision), динамическое программирование (dynamic programming), дискретный параметр (discrete parameter)

10) Юридический термин: Duly Performed

11) Коммерция: development partnership

12) Бухгалтерия: Down Payment

13) Страхование: Duty point

14) Биржевой термин: Depository Participant

15) Грубое выражение: Double Plays

16) Сокращение: Democratic Party, Dial Pulse, Diphosgene (Chemical warfare choking agent), Displaced Persons (expelled from native land), Display Postscript, Disruptive Pattern, Distribution Point, Double Penetration, Dual Purpose (gun for surface or AA use), Dynamic Programming, dampproofing, deck piercing, deflection plate, demand meter, printing, double-pole, drill plate, dripproof, dry battery, dual-purpose, two-pole, dashpot (relay), Draft Printer, difference of potential

17) Физика: Dynamically Positioned

18) Физиология: Deep pulse, Diastolic Pressure, Disease Proof, Distal pulses, Dorsalis pedis pulse

19) Электроника: Descriptive Polarity

20) Вычислительная техника: document publishing, draft proposal, Detection Point (IN), Draft Proposal (ISO), Dial Pulse (Telephony), Displaced Persons (expelled from native land), предварительное сообщение, процессор для обработки данных

21) Нефть: datum plane, drill pipe, ship dynamic-positioning ship, План освоения месторождения, бурильная труба (drill pipe), вероятность обнаружения (отказа, detection probability), динамическое позиционирование (буровых судов и оснований), забивная труба

22) Биохимия: Dispersed Phase

23) Картография: Domestic Photomap

24) Банковское дело: документы против платежа (documents against payment)

25) Геофизика: линия приведения, плоскость приведения, уровень приведения

26) Транспорт: Departure Procedure

27) Фирменный знак: Dura Power

28) СМИ: Democrat Post

29) Деловая лексика: Design Performance, Developer Preview

30) Бурение: drillpipe, буровая труба, drill-pipe

31) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: dynamic positioning, depentanized (fractionated to remove pentane and lighter components)

32) Сетевые технологии: Data Packets, Decentralized Peripheral, Dynamic Profile, data processing, data processor, dual processor

33) Полимеры: Draft Project, average degree of polymerization, degree of polymerization, difference of potentials, differential pressure, dimeric polymer, double-base propellant, durable press

34) Программирование: Define Property

35) Автоматика: design parameters, diametral pitch, протокол DP, distributed peripheral

36) Сахалин Р: Decision Point

37) Химическое оружие: Defense programs, Design phase

38) Физическая химия: declustering potential (в масс-спектроскопии)

39) Макаров: depth, differential phase, distributed processing, double-play

40) Безопасность: Data Privacy, Diverse Protection

41) Расширение файла: Calendar file (Daily Planner), Data file (DataPhile), Primary data file (THOR database)

42) Электрохимия: температура конденсации

43) SAP.тех. обработка данных

44) Электротехника: distance protection

45) Имена и фамилии: David Prior, Davis Putnam

46) Должность: Director Of Photography, Doctor Of Paediatrics

47) Чат: Digital Performer

48) Правительство: Dog Patch

49) NYSE. Diagnostic Products Corporation

50) Программное обеспечение: Diagnostic Program

51) Единицы измерений: Decimal Places

1) Авиация: depressurisation, power distribution panel, differential protection

2) Американизм: Development Permit, Displaced Persons

3) Спорт: Dodge Points, Double Points, Dragon Punch

4) Военный термин: Damage Points, Defensive Points, Delegated Production, Deputy for Personnel, Development Program, Director of Personnel, Director of Programs, Directorate of Production, Drawing Package, Duplicate Positive, data packet, debussing point, deep penetration, defense procurement, definition phase, delayed procurement, delivery point, departure point, depot maintenance, description pattern, detained pay, detection probability, detention of pay, detrucking point, development phase, development plan, development proposal, development prototype, directing point, disabled person, dispatch point, dispersal point, displaced person, display package, display panel, disposal procedure, distributing point, double-purpose gun, drill pay, drill practice, drill purpose, driving power, drop point, dry powder, duty position, Ди-Пи (дифосген), дифосген (ОВ удушающего действия), diphosgene

5) Техника: data plotting, data printer, data processing technician, diagnostic procedure, diastatic power, digit presentation, diode plate, dipole, display processor, double-pole switch, drain pump, drive pipe, dual-processor, dynamic power

6) Сельское хозяйство: digestible protein

7) Шутливое выражение: Darren's Page, Drunken Panda

8) Химия: Dry Process

9) Математика: двойная точность (double precision), динамическое программирование (dynamic programming), дискретный параметр (discrete parameter)

10) Юридический термин: Duly Performed

11) Коммерция: development partnership

12) Бухгалтерия: Down Payment

13) Страхование: Duty point

14) Биржевой термин: Depository Participant

15) Грубое выражение: Double Plays

16) Сокращение: Democratic Party, Dial Pulse, Diphosgene (Chemical warfare choking agent), Displaced Persons (expelled from native land), Display Postscript, Disruptive Pattern, Distribution Point, Double Penetration, Dual Purpose (gun for surface or AA use), Dynamic Programming, dampproofing, deck piercing, deflection plate, demand meter, printing, double-pole, drill plate, dripproof, dry battery, dual-purpose, two-pole, dashpot (relay), Draft Printer, difference of potential

17) Физика: Dynamically Positioned

18) Физиология: Deep pulse, Diastolic Pressure, Disease Proof, Distal pulses, Dorsalis pedis pulse

19) Электроника: Descriptive Polarity

20) Вычислительная техника: document publishing, draft proposal, Detection Point (IN), Draft Proposal (ISO), Dial Pulse (Telephony), Displaced Persons (expelled from native land), предварительное сообщение, процессор для обработки данных

21) Нефть: datum plane, drill pipe, ship dynamic-positioning ship, План освоения месторождения, бурильная труба (drill pipe), вероятность обнаружения (отказа, detection probability), динамическое позиционирование (буровых судов и оснований), забивная труба

22) Биохимия: Dispersed Phase

23) Картография: Domestic Photomap

24) Банковское дело: документы против платежа (documents against payment)

25) Геофизика: линия приведения, плоскость приведения, уровень приведения

26) Транспорт: Departure Procedure

27) Фирменный знак: Dura Power

28) СМИ: Democrat Post

29) Деловая лексика: Design Performance, Developer Preview

30) Бурение: drillpipe, буровая труба, drill-pipe

31) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: dynamic positioning, depentanized (fractionated to remove pentane and lighter components)

32) Сетевые технологии: Data Packets, Decentralized Peripheral, Dynamic Profile, data processing, data processor, dual processor

33) Полимеры: Draft Project, average degree of polymerization, degree of polymerization, difference of potentials, differential pressure, dimeric polymer, double-base propellant, durable press

34) Программирование: Define Property

35) Автоматика: design parameters, diametral pitch, протокол DP, distributed peripheral

36) Сахалин Р: Decision Point

37) Химическое оружие: Defense programs, Design phase

38) Физическая химия: declustering potential (в масс-спектроскопии)

39) Макаров: depth, differential phase, distributed processing, double-play

40) Безопасность: Data Privacy, Diverse Protection

41) Расширение файла: Calendar file (Daily Planner), Data file (DataPhile), Primary data file (THOR database)

42) Электрохимия: температура конденсации

43) SAP.тех. обработка данных

44) Электротехника: distance protection

45) Имена и фамилии: David Prior, Davis Putnam

46) Должность: Director Of Photography, Doctor Of Paediatrics

47) Чат: Digital Performer

48) Правительство: Dog Patch

49) NYSE. Diagnostic Products Corporation

50) Программное обеспечение: Diagnostic Program

51) Единицы измерений: Decimal Places

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

1) система; комплекс

2) совокупность

•

- absolutely complete system

- abstract system

- accumulator hydraulic system

- adaptive system

- additively closed system

- addressing system

- adjoint system

- affixative system

- aholonomic system

- aircraft electrical system

- airdrop system

- algebraically complete system

- ample system

- analytic system

- anholonomic system

- antenna system

- anticanonical system

- antiinvariant system

- antisymmetric system

- aperiodic system

- applicative system

- appointment system

- approach and docking system

- assertional system

- associated system

- associative system

- asymmetric system

- asymptotically stable system

- asynchronous system

- atomic system

- augmented system

- automated landing system

- autonomous system

- axiomatic system

- axiomatizable system

- backward system

- balanced system

- base-ten system

- base-two system

- basic system

- betting system

- bicylindrical coordinate system

- bilinear system

- binary number system

- binomial system

- biorthogonal system

- biorthonormal system

- bipolar coordinate system

- block-recursive system

- branching system

- Brembo braking system

- bus system

- c.m. system

- carrier frequency system

- categorical system

- causal system

- cellular system

- center-of-mass system

- chance cause system

- characteristic system

- classical system

- classification system

- closed system

- closed-circuit television system

- closure system

- coarse system

- coaxial system of circles

- code system

- coding system

- cofinal system

- coherent system

- collection system

- combinatorial system

- commutation system

- complete system

- completely continuous system

- complex system

- compound system

- computation system

- concatenative system

- conceptual system

- conditionally stable system

- conjugate system

- conjunctive system

- connected system

- connecting system

- conservative system

- consistent system

- consistently interpretable system

- constant system

- constrained system

- continuous system

- continuously ordered system

- contragradient system

- control system

- controllable system

- controlled system

- convergence system

- converse system

- convex system

- cooling system

- correct formal system

- countable system

- counting system

- covariant local system

- creative system

- critical system

- crossbar system

- cryoelectronic system

- cybernetic system

- cycle matching system

- cyclic system

- data reduction system

- decadic system

- decidable system

- decision-making system

- decoding system

- decomposable system

- deductive system

- defective system of eigenvectors

- deflection system

- degenerate system

- denary system

- densely ordered system

- determinate system

- determined system

- determining system

- deterministic system

- diagonal system

- dial system

- dichotomous system

- difference equation system

- direct system

- directed system

- directly indecomposable system

- disconjugate system

- discrete system

- discrete-continuous system

- disjunctive system

- dispatch telephone system

- dissipative system

- distributed system

- dodecadic system

- doudecimal system

- draft system

- drainage system

- draw-in conduit system

- dual system

- duodecimal system

- duplex radio system

- dynamic system

- earth system

- elementarily equivalent system

- elementary system

- ellipsoidal coordinate system

- elliptic system

- encoder system

- energy system

- equational system

- equationally equivalent system

- equianharmonic system

- equicontinuous system

- equidistant system

- equivalence system

- equivalent system

- ergodic system

- error-controlled system

- essentially undecidable system

- eutactic system

- evaporator system

- exclusive system

- exponentially stable system

- extremal system

- extremally stable system

- feasible system

- fiber-optic communication system

- finder system

- finiitely definable system

- finite system

- finite-dimensional system

- finitely approximated system

- finitizable system

- fixed-parameter system

- focusing system

- forced system

- formal system

- formalized system

- forward system

- free system

- fuel conveying system

- function system

- functional system

- fundamental system of neighborhoods

- fuzzy system

- gas-cleaning system

- gas-pressurized system

- general system

- generalized system

- generating system

- grand system

- ground system

- hereditarily generating system

- heterogeneous system

- heuristic system

- hexadecimal number system

- hierarchy system

- history of system

- homogeneous system

- homoloidal system

- homomorphic system

- hot-water system

- hydraulic handling system

- hyperbolic system

- hypercomplex number system

- hypercomplex system

- hypoelliptic system

- hypothetical system

- ideal system

- idealized system

- imprimitive system

- imprimitivity system

- incidence system

- incompletable system

- incomplete system

- inconsistent system

- indecomposable system

- indexing system

- inductive system

- inequality system

- inertial system

- information retrieval system

- information system

- infravariant total system

- inhomogeneous system

- initial system

- inner system

- inteblock system

- integral system

- integrated manufacturing

- integrated system

- interconnected power system

- interpolation system

- interpretating system

- intuitionistic system

- inverse system

- invertible system

- involutory system

- irreducible system

- irreduciblly inconsistent system

- isolated system

- isometric system

- isomorphic system

- isomorphically embeddable system

- isothermmic system

- iterative system

- jet engine starter system

- Korsch system

- laboratory system

- lacunary system

- ladder-type system

- lamellar system

- large system

- lattice system

- learning system

- left-handed coordinate system

- life-support system

- lightguiding system

- linear programming system

- local system

- locally embeddable system

- logarithmic system

- logistic system

- loop carrier system

- lossless system

- lumped system

- majority voted system

- maximal system

- maximally overdetermined system

- minimal system

- minimax system

- miniquaternion system

- modal system

- modular pneumatic-device system

- modular system

- monogenic system

- monomorphic system

- monotonic system

- multiassertional system

- multidimensional system

- multilayer system

- multimodal system

- multiperiodic system

- multiple-data-set system

- multiple-input system

- multiplicative system

- multiplicatively closed system

- multiplier system

- multipoint distribution system

- multistable system

- multistage system

- multivariable system

- natural system

- neutral system

- nohereditary system

- nonassociative system

- nonautonomous system

- nonautonomous system

- noncritical system

- nondissipative system

- nonelementary system

- nonholonomic system

- nonlinear system

- nonoscillating system

- nonperiodic system

- nonrecursive system

- nonregular system

- nonsingular system

- nonstationary system

- n-order system

- normed system

- notation system

- n-state system

- null system

- number representation system

- number system

- numerical system

- observable system

- octal number system

- octal system

- one-loop system

- one-phase system

- open-flow intake system

- optimum system

- ordered system

- orthogonal coordinate system

- outer system

- overdetermined system

- oversimplified system

- packet transmission system

- pantactic system

- parabolic coordinate system

- parabolic system

- paraboloidal coordinate system

- parametric system

- partial system

- partially ordered system

- perturbed system

- piece-rate system

- Pitot static system

- pluricanonical system

- pluriparabolic system

- polyhierarchical system

- polynominal-like system

- polystable system

- positional system

- pressure intake system

- prime system

- primitively elementary system

- probabilistic system

- projective coordinate system

- projective system

- prolate spheroidal coordinate system

- propulsion system

- prorepresentation system

- prototype system

- pseudodynamic system

- public address system

- pulsed navigation system

- quadrophonic system

- quasicanonical system

- quasicomplete system

- quasi-electronic switching system

- quasiergodic system

- quasiharmonic system

- quasilinear system

- quasimultiplicative system

- quasiordered system

- quasireducible system

- quasistable system

- quasitriangular system

- queuing system

- quinary system

- quotient system

- radial ventilation system

- ramified system

- random system

- reactor control system

- recovering system

- recurrent system

- reduced system

- redundant system

- regenerating system

- regularized system

- relational system

- relative system

- relatively isolated system

- residual system

- resolving system

- restricted system

- retrospective system

- rheonomic system

- ride control system

- right-handed coordinate system

- right-handed system

- robot system

- root system

- rotating coordinate system

- safety-trip system

- sampled-data system

- satellite navigation system

- saturated system

- scanning system

- scleronomic system

- scoring system

- self-adaptive system

- self-adjoint system

- self-adjusting system

- self-contradictory system

- self-dual system

- self-excited system

- self-learning system

- self-optimizing system

- self-organizing system

- self-oscillating system

- semantic system

- semantically complete system

- semidynamical system

- semilinear system

- semiordered system

- semiotic system

- semiregular coordinate system

- separable system

- sewage system

- sexadecimal system

- sexagesimal system

- shift system

- simply complete system

- simulated system

- smooth system

- solvable system

- speed coding system

- spraying system

- sprinkling system

- stabilizable system

- staff system

- stand-by system

- star-like system

- start-stop system

- start-up system

- State System of Instruments

- state-determined system

- static system

- statistical system

- stochastic system

- stochastically connected system

- storage system

- stratified system

- strongly elliptic system

- summability system

- surjective system

- switching system

- syntactical system

- syntactically complete system

- synthesized system

- system of awards

- system of axioms

- system of calculation

- system of causes

- system of circles

- system of coefficients

- system of common representatives

- system of conditions

- system of coordinates

- system of distinct representatives

- system of eigenvalues

- system of equations

- system of factor groups

- system of generators

- system of groups

- system of hypotheses

- system of imprimitivity

- system of independent estimations

- system of inequalities

- system of integers

- system of integrity

- system of lines

- system of logarithms

- system of matrices

- system of measures

- system of neighborhoods

- system of numeration

- system of parameters

- system of preferences

- system of proper functions

- system of pseudoequivalence

- system of random varables

- system of reference

- system of representations

- system of residual classes

- system of sets

- system of simultaneous equations

- system of subgroups

- system of surfaces

- system of transition functions

- system of transitivity

- system of units

- system of weights

- system of wheels

- tag system

- tally system

- telegraph block system

- telephone system

- television relay system

- television system

- temperature control system

- ten-step system

- ternary system

- theorem-proving system

- time interval system

- time-invariant system

- time-varying system

- timing system

- topologizing system

- toroidal coordinate system

- total system

- transient system

- transitivity system of group

- transmission system

- transposed system

- tree-like system

- triangulation system

- trichotomous system

- trichromatic system

- triclinic system

- trigonal system

- trigonometric system

- triorthogonal system

- triple system

- triple-orthogonal system

- trivial system

- truth-value system

- twelve-channel system

- two-level system

- two-particle system

- tyrefit system

- unattended system

- undecidable system

- underdetermined system

- unified radiotelemetry system

- unperturbed system

- unsaturated system

- unsolvable system

- unstable system

- variable-coefficient system

- vector system

- ventilation system

- very large system

- video system

- voting system

- warning system

- water utilization system

- water-sludge system

- weakly atomic system

- weighting system

- wellpoint system

- zero-order system

1) метод

1 total (completo) (cifra, coste).

2 fab (informal) (fantastic).

basically, in a word.

total que me marché so anyway, I left

total, ¿qué más da? what difference does it make anyway?

in short.

Total,nadie acudió a su trabajo! In short, nobody came to work!

1 total (suma).

me da un total de 580 libras I make it »580

2 whole (totalidad, conjunto).

el total del grupo the whole group

nos costó 200 dólares en total it cost us 200 dollars in total o all

en total fuimos más de treinta personas in total there were more than thirty of us

* * *

► adjetivo

1 total, complete, overall

■ la imprenta supuso una revolución total printing brought about a complete revolution

■ anestesia total general anaesthetic

► nombre masculino

1 (totalidad) whole

■ el total de la población the whole population

2 (suma) total, sum

► adverbio

1 (en conclusión) in short, so

■ total, fue un fracaso in short, it was a failure

■ total, que se fueron porque quisieron they left because they wanted to

2 (al fin y al cabo) after all

■ total, para lo que me sirve... after all, for all the good it is to me...

\

en total in all

* * *

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=absoluto) [éxito, fracaso] total

2) (=global) [importe, suma] total

3) * (=excelente) smashing, brilliant

2. ADV

1) (=resumiendo) in short, all in all; (=así que) so

2) (=al fin y al cabo) at the end of the day

SM (=suma total) total; (=totalidad) whole

* * *

a) ( absoluto) <desastre/destrucción> total; < éxito> resounding, total

b) ( global) <costo/importe> total

masculino total

adverbio (indep) (fam)

a) ( al resumir una narración) so, in the end

b) (expresando indiferencia, poca importancia)

* * *

a) ( absoluto) <desastre/destrucción> total; < éxito> resounding, total

b) ( global) <costo/importe> total

masculino total

adverbio (indep) (fam)

a) ( al resumir una narración) so, in the end

b) (expresando indiferencia, poca importancia)

* * *

total¹

¹ = tally [tallies, pl.], total, count, grand total.

total²

² = complete, full [fuller -comp., fullest -sup.], thorough, total, end to end, supine, unrelieved, utter, gavel to gavel, systemic, overarching, ultimate, avowed, out-and-out, certified, unmitigaged, fully blown, unreserved.

* * *

1 (absoluto) ‹desastre/destrucción› total; ‹éxito› resounding ( before n), total

la película fue un fracaso total the film was a total o an utter failure

un cambio total a complete change

2 (global) ‹coste/importe› total

total

¿cuánto es el total? what's the total?, what does it all come to?, how much is it altogether?

el total de las pérdidas/ganancias the total losses/profits

el total asciende a $40.000 the total amounts to o comes to o is $40,000

afecta a un total de 600 personas it affects a total of 600 people

en total altogether

son 5 euros en total that's 5 euros altogether

( indep) ( fam)

1 (al resumir una narración) so, in the end

total, que me di por vencida so in the end I gave up

(expresando indiferencia, poca importancia): ¿por qué no te quedas? total, mañana no tienes que trabajar why not stay? I mean o after all, you don't have to go to work tomorrow

* * *

a) ( absoluto) ‹desastre/destrucción› total;

b) ( global) ‹costo/importe› total

◊ en total altogether

* * *

♦ adj

1. [cifra, coste, gasto] total;

el importe total de las inversiones the total amount of the investments

2. [confianza, rechazo, ruptura] total, complete;

actúa con total libertad she acts completely freely, she has complete freedom of action;

su influencia en ellos es total he has overwhelming influence over them

3. Fam [fantástico] fab, Br brill

♦ nm

1. [suma] total;

el total de visitantes del museo alcanzó los tres millones the total number of visitors to the museum reached three million;

me da un total de 580 I make it 580

total de ventas total sales

2. [totalidad, conjunto] whole;

el total del grupo the whole group;

en total in total, in all;

nos costó 200 dólares en total it cost us 200 dollars in total o all;

en total fuimos más de treinta personas in total there were more than thirty of us

♦ adv

1. [en resumen] basically, in a word;

total, que me marché so anyway, I left;

total, que te has quedado sin trabajo, ¿no? basically, you're out of a job, then?

2. [en realidad] anyway;

total, ¿qué más da? what difference does it make anyway?;

llévatelo, total ¿para qué lo quiero yo? take it, what good is it to me, after all?

* * *

I adj total, complete;

en total altogether, in total

II m total;

un total de 50 personas a total of 50 people

III adv

total, que no conseguí estudiar the upshot was that I didn’t manage to get any studying done

* * *

total adv

: in the end, so

total, que no fui: in short, I didn't go

total adj & nm

: total

♦ totalmente adv

* * *

total¹ adj total / complete

total² adv so

total³ n total

* * *

агрегатнопото́чный ме́тод — conveyor-type production [production-line] method

аксиомати́ческий ме́тод — axiomatic [postulational] method

ме́тод амплиту́дного ана́лиза — kick-sorting method

анаглифи́ческий ме́тод картогр. — anaglyphic(al) method

ме́тод аналити́ческой вста́вки топ. — cantilever extension, cantilever (strip) triangulation

ме́тод быстре́йшего спу́ска стат. — steepest descent method

вариацио́нный ме́тод — variational method

ме́тод Верне́йля радио — Verneuil method

весово́й ме́тод — gravimetric method

ме́тод ветве́й и грани́ц киб. — branch and bound method

ме́тод взба́лтывания — shake method

визуа́льный ме́тод — visual method

ме́тод возду́шной прое́кции — aero-projection method

ме́тод враще́ния — method of revolution

ме́тод вреза́ния — plunge-cut method

ме́тод вре́мени пролё́та — time-of-flight method

вре́мя-и́мпульсный ме́тод ( преобразования аналоговой информации в дискретную) — pulse-counting method (of analog-to-digital conversion)

ме́тод встре́чного фрезерова́ния — conventional [cut-up] milling method

ме́тод вы́бега эл. — retardation method

ме́тод вымета́ния мат. — sweep(ing)-out method

ме́тод гармони́ческого бала́нса киб., автмт. — describing function method

ме́тод гармони́ческой линеариза́ции — describing function method

голографи́ческий ме́тод — holographic method

гравиметри́ческий ме́тод — gravimetric(al) method

графи́ческий ме́тод — graphical method

ме́тод графи́ческого трансформи́рования топ. — grid method

графоаналити́ческий ме́тод — semigraphical method

ме́тод гра́фов мат. — graph method

группово́й ме́тод ( в высокочастотной телефонии) — grouped-frequency basis

систе́ма рабо́тает групповы́м ме́тодом — the system operates on the grouped-frequency basis

ме́тод двух ре́ек геод., топ. — two-staff [two-base] method

ме́тод двух узло́в ( в анализе электрических цепей) — nodal-pair method

ме́тод дирекцио́нных угло́в геод. — method of gisements

ме́тод запа́са про́чности ( в расчетах конструкции) — load factor method

ме́тод засе́чек афс. — resection method

ме́тод зерка́льных изображе́ний эл. — method of electrical images

ме́тод зо́нной пла́вки ( в производстве монокристаллов полупроводниковых материалов) — floating-zone method, floating-zone technique

ме́тод избы́точных концентра́ций ( для опробования гипотетического механизма реакции) — isolation method (of the testing the rate equations)

ме́тод измере́ния, абсолю́тный — absolute [fundamental] method of measurement

ме́тод измере́ния, конта́ктный — contact method of measurement

ме́тод измере́ния, ко́свенный — indirect method of measurement

ме́тод измере́ния, относи́тельный — relative method of measurement

ме́тод измере́ния по то́чкам — point-by-point method

ме́тод измере́ния, прямо́й — direct method of measurement

ме́тод измере́ния угло́в по аэросни́мкам — photogoniometric method

ме́тод изображе́ний эл. — method of images, image method

ме́тод изото́пных индика́торов — tracer method

иммерсио́нный ме́тод — immersion method

и́мпульсный ме́тод свар. — pulse method

ме́тод и́мпульсов — momentum-transfer method

ме́тод инве́рсии — inversion method

и́ндексно-после́довательный ме́тод до́ступа, основно́й вчт. — basic indexed sequential access method, BISAM

и́ндексно-после́довательный ме́тод до́ступа с очередя́ми вчт. — queued indexed sequential access method, BISAM

интерференцио́нный ме́тод — interferometric method

ме́тод испыта́ний — testing procedure, testing method

ме́тод испыта́ний, кисло́тный — acid test

ме́тод испыта́ний, пане́льный — panel-spalling test

ме́тод испыта́тельной строки́ тлв. — test-line method

ме́тод иссле́дований напряже́ний, опти́ческий — optical stress analysis

ме́тод истече́ния — efflux method

ме́тод итера́ции — iteration method, iteration technique

ме́тод итера́ции приво́дит к сходи́мости проце́сса — the iteration (process) converges to a solution

ме́тод итера́ции приво́дит к (бы́строй или ме́дленной) сходи́мости проце́сса — the iteration (process) converges quickly or slowly

ме́тод картосоставле́ния — map-compilation [plotting] method

ме́тод кача́ющегося криста́лла ( в рентгеноструктурном анализе) — rotating-crystal method

ка́чественный ме́тод — qualitative method

кессо́нный ме́тод — caisson method

коли́чественный ме́тод — quantitative method

колориметри́ческий ме́тод — colorimetric method

ме́тод кольца́ и ша́ра — ball-and-ring method

комплексометри́ческий ме́тод ( для определения жёсткости воды) — complexometric method

кондуктометри́ческий ме́тод — conductance-measuring method

ме́тод коне́чных ра́зностей — finite difference method

ме́тод консерви́рования — curing method

ме́тод контро́ля, дифференци́рованный — differential control method

ме́тод контро́ля ка́чества — quality control method

ме́тод ко́нтурных то́ков — mesh-current [loop] method

ме́тод ко́нуса — cone method

ме́тод корнево́го годо́графа киб., автмт. — root-locus method

корреляцио́нный ме́тод — correlation method

ко́свенный ме́тод — indirect method

ме́тод кра́сок ( в дефектоскопии) — dye-penetrant method

лаборато́рный ме́тод — laboratory method

ме́тод ла́ковых покры́тий ( в сопротивлении материалов) — brittle-varnish method

ме́тод лине́йной интерполя́ции — method of proportional parts

ме́тод Ляпуно́ва аргд. — Lyapunov's method

ме́тод магни́тного порошка́ ( в дефектоскопии) — magnetic particle [magnetic powder] method

магни́тно-люминесце́нтный ме́тод ( в дефектоскопии) — fluorescent magnetic particle method

ме́тод ма́лого пара́метра киб., автмт. — perturbation theory, perturbation method

ме́тод ма́лых возмуще́ний аргд. — perturbation method

ме́тод мгнове́нной равносигна́льной зо́ны рлк. — simultaneous lobing [monopulse] method

ме́тод механи́ческой обрабо́тки — machining method

ме́тод ме́ченых а́томов — tracer method

ме́тод микрометри́рования — micrometer method

ме́тод мно́жителей Лагра́нжа — Lagrangian multiplier method, Lagrange's method of undetermined multipliers

ме́тод моме́нтных площаде́й мех. — area moment method

ме́тод Мо́нте-Ка́рло мат. — Monte Carlo method

ме́тод навига́ции, дальноме́рный ( пересечение двух окружностей) — rho-rho [r-r] navigation

ме́тод навига́ции, угломе́рный ( пересечение двух линий пеленга) — theta-theta [q-q] navigation

ме́тод наиме́ньших квадра́тов — method of least squares, least-squares technique

ме́тод наискоре́йшего спу́ска мат. — method of steepest descent

ме́тод нака́чки ( лазера) — pumping [excitation] method

ме́тод накопле́ния яд. физ. — “backing-space” method

ме́тод наложе́ния — method of superposition

ме́тод напыле́ния — evaporation technique

ме́тод нару́жных заря́дов горн. — adobe blasting method

ме́тод незави́симых стереопа́р топ. — method of independent image pairs

ненулево́й ме́тод — deflection method

ме́тод неопределё́нных мно́жителей Лагра́нжа — Lagrangian multiplier method, Lagrange's method of undetermined multipliers

ме́тод неподви́жных то́чек — method of fixed points

неразруша́ющий ме́тод — non-destructive method, non-destructive testing

нерекурси́вный ме́тод — non-recursive method

нето́чный ме́тод — inexact method

нефелометри́ческий ме́тод — nephelometric method

ме́тод нивели́рования по частя́м — method of fraction levelling

нулево́й ме́тод — null [zero(-deflection) ] method

ме́тод нулевы́х бие́ний — zero-beat method

ме́тод нулевы́х то́чек — neutral-points method

ме́тод обеспе́чения надё́жности — reliability method

ме́тод обрабо́тки — processing [working, tooling] method

ме́тод обра́тной простра́нственной засе́чки топ. — method of pyramid

обра́тно-ступе́нчатый ме́тод свар. — step-back method

ме́тод объединё́нного а́тома — associate atom method

объекти́вный ме́тод — objective method

объё́мный ме́тод — volumetric method

ме́тод одного́ отсчё́та ( преобразование непрерывной информации в дискретную) — the total value method (of analog-to-digital conversion)

окисли́тельно-восстанови́тельный ме́тод — redox method

опера́торный ме́тод — operational method

ме́тод определе́ния ме́ста, дальноме́рно-пеленгацио́нный ( пересечение прямой и окружности) — rho-theta [r-q] fixing

ме́тод определе́ния ме́ста, дальноме́рный ( пересечение двух окружностей) — rho-rho [r-r] fixing

ме́тод определе́ния ме́ста, пеленгацио́нный ( пересечение двух линий пеленга) — theta-theta [q-q] fixing

ме́тод определе́ния отбе́ливаемости и цве́тности ма́сел — bleach-and-colour method

ме́тод определе́ния положе́ния ли́нии, двукра́тный геод. — double-line method

ме́тод опти́ческой корреля́ции — optical correlation technique

ме́тод осажде́ния — sedimentation method

ме́тод осо́бых возмуще́ний аргд. — singular perturbation method

ме́тод осредне́ния — averaging [smoothing] method

ме́тод отбо́ра проб — sampling method, sampling technique

ме́тод отклоне́ния — deflection method

ме́тод отопле́ния метал. — fuel practice

ме́тод отраже́ния — reflection method

ме́тод отражё́нных и́мпульсов — pulse-echo method

ме́тод отыска́ния произво́дной, непосре́дственный — delta method

ме́тод па́дающего те́ла — falling body method

ме́тод парамагни́тного резона́нса — paramagnetic-resonance method

ме́тод пе́рвого приближе́ния — first approximation method

ме́тод перева́ла мат. — saddle-point method

ме́тод перено́са коли́чества движе́ния аргд. — momentum-transfer method

ме́тод перераспределе́ния моме́нтов ( в расчёте конструкций) — moment distribution method

ме́тод пересека́ющихся луче́й — crossed beam method

ме́тод перехо́дного состоя́ния ( в аналитической химии) — transition state method

ме́тод перпендикуля́ров — offset method

ме́тод перспекти́вных се́ток топ. — grid method

ме́тод пескова́ния с.-х. — sanding method

пикнометри́ческий ме́тод — bottle method

ме́тод площаде́й физ. — area method

ме́тод повторе́ний геод. — method of reiteration, repetition method

ме́тод подбо́ра — trial-and-error [cut-and-try] method

ме́тод подо́бия — similitude method

ме́тод подориенти́рования топ. — setting on points of control

ме́тод по́лной деформа́ции — total-strain method

ме́тод полови́нных отклоне́ний — half-deflection method

ме́тод положе́ния геод. — method of bearings, method of gisements

полуколи́чественный ме́тод — semiquantitative method

ме́тод поля́рных координа́т — polar method

ме́тод попу́тного фрезерова́ния — climb [cut-down] milling method

порошко́вый ме́тод ( в рентгеноструктурном анализе) — powder [Debye-Scherer-Hull] method

ме́тод посе́ва — seeding technique

ме́тод после́довательного счё́та ( преобразования аналоговой информации в дискретную) — incremental method (of analog-to-digital conversion)

ме́тод после́довательных исключе́ний — successive exclusion method

ме́тод после́довательных подстано́вок — method of successive substitution, substitution process

ме́тод после́довательных попра́вок — successive correction method

ме́тод после́довательных приближе́ний — successive approximation method

ме́тод после́довательных элимина́ций — method of exhaustion

ме́тод послесплавно́й диффу́зии полупр. — post-alloy-diffusion technique

потенциометри́ческий компенсацио́нный ме́тод — potentiometric method

пото́чно-конве́йерный ме́тод — flow-line conveyor method

пото́чный ме́тод — straight-line flow method

ме́тод прерыва́ний ( для измерения скорости света) — chopped-beam method

приближё́нный ме́тод — approximate method

ме́тод проб и оши́бок — trial-and-error [cut-and-try] method

ме́тод программи́рующих програ́мм — programming program method

ме́тод продолже́ния топ. — setting on points on control

ме́тод проекти́рования, моде́льно-маке́тный — model-and-mock-up method of design

ме́тод простра́нственного коди́рования ( преобразования аналоговой информации в дискретную) — coded pattern method (OF analog-to-digital conversion)

ме́тод простра́нственной самофикса́ции — self-fixation space method

прямо́й ме́тод — direct method

ме́тод псевдослуча́йных чи́сел — pseudorandom number method

ме́тод равносигна́льной зо́ны рлк. — lobing, beam [lobe] switching

ме́тод равносигна́льной зо́ны, мгнове́нный рлк. — simultaneous lobing, monopulse

ме́тод ра́вных высо́т геод. — equal-altitude method

ме́тод ра́вных деформа́ций ( в проектировании бетонных конструкций) — equal-strain method

ме́тод ра́вных отклоне́ний — equal-deflection method

радиацио́нный ме́тод — radiation method

ме́тод радиоавтогра́фии — radioautograph technique

ме́тод радиоакти́вных индика́торов — tracer method

радиометри́ческий ме́тод — radiometric method

ме́тод разбавле́ния — dilution method

ме́тод разделе́ния тлв. — separation method

ме́тод разделе́ния переме́нных — method of separation of variables

ме́тод разли́вки метал. — teeming [pouring, casting] practice

ме́тод разме́рностей — dimensional method

ра́зностный ме́тод — difference method

ме́тод разруша́ющей нагру́зки — load-factor method

разруша́ющий ме́тод — destructive check

ме́тод рассе́яния Рэле́я — Rayleigh scattering method

ме́тод ра́стра тлв. — grid method

ме́тод ра́стрового скани́рования — raster-scan method

ме́тод расчё́та по допусти́мым нагру́зкам — working stress design [WSD] method

ме́тод расчё́та по разруша́ющим нагру́зкам стр. — ultimate-strength design [USD] method

ме́тод расчё́та при по́мощи про́бной нагру́зки стр. — trial-load method

ме́тод расчё́та, упру́гий стр. — elastic method

резона́нсный ме́тод — resonance method

ме́тод реитера́ций геод. — method of reiteration, repetition method

рентгенострукту́рный ме́тод — X-ray diffraction method

ме́тод реше́ния зада́чи о четвё́ртой то́чке геод. — three-point method

ме́тод решета́ мат. — sieve method

ру́порно-ли́нзовый ме́тод радио — horn-and-lens method

ме́тод самоторможе́ния — retardation method

ме́тод сви́лей — schlieren technique, schlieren method

ме́тод сдви́нутого сигна́ла — offset-signal method

ме́тод секу́щих — secant method

ме́тод се́рого кли́на физ. — gray-wedge method

ме́тод се́ток мат., вчт. — net(-point) method

ме́тод сече́ний ( в расчёте напряжений в фермах) — method of sections

ме́тод сил ( определение усилий в статически неопределимой системе) — work method

символи́ческий ме́тод — method of complex numbers

ме́тод симметри́чных составля́ющих — method of symmetrical components, symmetrical component method

ме́тод синхро́нного накопле́ния — synchronous storage method

ме́тод скани́рования полосо́й — single-line-scan television method

ме́тод скани́рования пятно́м — spot-scan photomultiplier method

ме́тод смеще́ния отде́льных узло́в стр. — method of separate joint displacement

ме́тод совпаде́ний — coincidence method

ме́тод сосредото́ченных пара́метров — lumped-parameter method

ме́тод спада́ния заря́да — fall-of-charge method

спектроскопи́ческий ме́тод — spectroscopic method

ме́тод спира́льного скани́рования — spiral-scan method

ме́тод сплавле́ния — fusion method

ме́тод сплошны́х сред ( в моделировании) — continuous field analog technique

ме́тод сре́дних квадра́тов — midsquare method

статисти́ческий ме́тод — statistical technique

статисти́ческий ме́тод оце́нки — statistical estimation

ме́тод статисти́ческих испыта́ний — Monte Carlo method

стробоголографи́ческий ме́тод — strobo-holographic method

стробоскопи́ческий ме́тод — stroboscopic method

стру́йный ме́тод метал. — jet test

ступе́нчатый ме́тод ( сварки или сверления) — step-by-step method

субъекти́вный ме́тод — subjective method

ме́тод сухо́го озоле́ния — dry combustion method

ме́тод сухо́го порошка́ ( в дефектоскопии) — dry method

счё́тно-и́мпульсный ме́тод — pulse-counting method

табли́чный ме́тод — diagram method

телевизио́нный ме́тод электро́нной аэросъё́мки — television method

телевизио́нный ме́тод электро́нной фотограмме́трии — television method

тенево́й ме́тод — (direct-)shadow method

термоанемометри́ческий ме́тод — hot-wire method

топологи́ческий ме́тод — topological method

ме́тод то́чечного вплавле́ния полупр. — dot alloying method

то́чный ме́тод — exact [precision] method

ме́тод травле́ния, гидри́дный — sodium hydride descaling

ме́тод трапецеида́льных характери́стик — Floyd's trapezoidal approximation method, approximation procedure

ме́тод трёх баз геод. — three-base method

ме́тод триангуля́ции — triangulation method

ме́тод трилатера́ции геод. — trilateration method

ме́тод углово́й деформа́ции — slope-deflection method

ме́тод углово́й модуля́ции — angular modulation method

ме́тод удаля́емого трафаре́та полупр. — rejection mask method

ме́тод удаля́емой ма́ски рад. — rejection mask method

ме́тод узло́в ( в расчёте напряжении в фермах) — method of joints

ме́тод узловы́х потенциа́лов — node-voltage method

ме́тод ура́внивания по направле́ниям геод. — method of directions, direction method

ме́тод ура́внивания по угла́м геод. — method of angles, angle method

ме́тод уравнове́шивания — balancing method

ме́тод усредне́ния — averaging [smoothing] method

ме́тод фа́зового контра́ста ( в микроскопии) — phase contrast

наблюда́ть ме́тодом фа́зового контра́ста — examine [study] by phase contrast

ме́тод фа́зовой пло́скости — phase plane method

ме́тод факториза́ции — factorization method

флотацио́нный ме́тод — floatation method

ме́тод формирова́ния сигна́лов цве́тности тлв. — colour-processing method

ме́тод центрифуги́рования — centrifuge method

цепно́й ме́тод астр. — chain method

чи́сленный ме́тод — numerical method

ме́тод Чохра́льского ( в выращивании полупроводниковых кристаллов) — Czochralski method, vertical pulling technique

ме́тод Шо́ра — Shore hardness

щупово́й ме́тод — stylus method

ме́тод электрофоре́за — electrophoretic method

эмпири́ческий ме́тод — trial-and-error [cut-and-try] method

энергети́ческий ме́тод

1. косм. energy method

2. стр. strain energy method

ме́тод энергети́ческого бала́нса — power balance method

эргати́ческий ме́тод ( при общении человека с ЭВМ) — interactive [conversational] technique

1) метод; способ (см. тж. technique 1)

2) ООП метод (функция - элемент определения класса (class) в языке Smalltalk, в C++ - см. member function)

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- access method